Realism: Security (Power Politics, conflict and war)
Focus on states and their relations in relation with power. (Military and political power)
State need to maximize their security and chances of survival.
Quest for military and/or economic security; Balance of Power
Based on self-interest
Ignore culture, moral considerations in foreign policy; obey only dictates of maximizing your power relative to others. Human rights, etc. of other countries = none of our business. “The enemy of my enemy is my friend”
Dissuade another from taking an action by threat of punishment
II) Deterrence and Compellence: Threat / Use of Military Force
Deterrence = “DON’T!” Dissuade another from taking an action by threat of punishment (don’t attack)
Compellence = “DO!” Force another to stop something they are doing, or do something they otherwise wouldn’t do, by threat or use of force
Focus on the creation of a peaceful world by integration
Based on the assumption of the innate goodness of the individual and the value of political institutions in promoting social progress states, nongovernmental organizations, and intergovernmental organizations as key actors
IOs (UN, WTO, ICC)
Liberalism may be divided into these categories:
Sociological Realism;
Interdependence Liberalism; 3) Institutional Liberalism; 4) Republican Liberalism.
Realist focus on the preservation of order in the international system
emphasize on the preservation of the existing system can be categorized as Conservatives.
evolution to a better condition which is beneficiary for all states and organizationsThey are therefore Idealists.
Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please, they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past’ Capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic change father of Marxist theory, together with Karl
The capitalists' interests lie in securing their power and expanding profits. Workers, on the other hand, have interests in higher wages, safe working conditions, shorter hours, job security
The revolution would emerge a socialist society which would fully utilize and develop much further the productive potential
The final goal, toward which socialist society would constantly build, is the human one of abolishing alienation. Marx called the attainment of this goal "communism".